Harari state

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harar city capital of harari state(E central Ethiopia)

HARAR [Harar] or Harrar , city (1994 pop. 76,378), capital of Harar region, E central Ethiopia, at an altitude of c.6,000 ft (1,830 m). It is the trade center for a region where coffee, cereals, and cotton are produced. Harar was probably founded in the 7th cent. After 1520 the Harari, conqueror Ahmad Gran made it the capital of a considerable Muslim state, but an Oromo invasion brought an end (1577) to its political power.

Harar then began to disintegrate and lost its status as a trade centre in the end of nineteenth century when the railway line was built between Addis Ababa and Djibouti through Dire Dawa. From 1902, Dire Dawa became the main commercial centre of Ethiopia.
However, Harar remained as the spiritual City of Ethiopia's Muslim community, the political capital of Hararge Province until 1994 and has become a federal city-state since 1995

Unsco description on Harar

Brief Description The fortified historic town of Harar is located in the eastern part of the country on a plateau with deep gorges surrounded by deserts and savannah. The walls surrounding this sacred Muslim city were built between the 13th and 16th centuries. Harar Jugol, said to be the fourth holiest city of Islam, numbers 82 mosques, three of which date from the 10th century, and 102 shrines. The most common houses in Harar Jugol are traditional townhouses consisting of three rooms on the ground floor and service areas in the courtyard. Another type of house, called the Indian House, built by Indian merchants who came to Harar after 1887, is a simple rectangular two-storied building with a veranda overlooking either street or courtyard. A third type of building was born of the combination of elements from the other two. The Harari people are known for the quality of their handicrafts, including weaving, basket making and book-binding, but the houses with their exceptional interior design constitute the most spectacular part of Harar's cultural heritage This architectural form is typical, specific and original, different from the domestic layout usually known in Muslim countries. It is also unique in Ethiopia. Harar was established in its present urban form in the 16th century as an Islamic town characterized by a maze of narrow alleyways and forbidding facades. From 1520 to 1568 it was the capital of the Harari Kingdom. From the late 16th century to the 19th century, Harar was noted as a centre of trade and Islamic learning. In the 17th century it became an independent emirate. It was then occupied by Egypt for ten years and became part of Ethiopia in 1887. The impact of African and Islamic traditions on the development of the town's specific building types and urban layout make for the particular character and even uniqueness of Harar.

harari

11xx - 1228 Sultan Umar Walashma, Sultan of Adal.

Sultan Baziwi, Sultan of Adal.

Sultan Haq ud-din I ibn Umar, Sultan of Adal.

Sultan Husain, Sultan of Adal.

Sultan Nasir I, Sultan of Adal.

Sultan Mansur I ibn Baziwi, Sultan of Adal.

Sultan Jamal ud-din I, Sultan of Adal.
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Sultan Abud, Sultan of Adal.

Sultan Zubair, Sultan of Adal.

Sultan Ma'at Layla, Sultan of Adal.
Sultan Sabir ud-din I Muhammad Walkhui, Sultan of Adal.

Sultan 'Ali ibn Sabir ud-din, Sultan of Adal.

Sultan Ahmed Harbi Ar'ed ibn 'Ali, Sultan of Adal.

1376 - 1386 Sultan Haq ud-din II ibn Ahmed, Sultan of Adal.

1386 - 1415 Sultan Sa'ad ud-din Ahmed, Sultan of Adal.

1415 - 1416 Interregnum

1416 - 1421 Sultan Sabir ud-din II, Sultan of Adal.

1421 - 1425 Sultan Mansur II ibn Sa'ad ud-din, Sultan of Adal.

1425 - 1432 Sultan Jamal ud-din II ibn Sa'ad ud-din, Sultan of Adal.

1432 - 14xx Sultan Shihab ud-din Ahmed Badlai ibn Sa'ad ud-din, Sultan of Adal.
Sultan Ibrahim I ibn Muhammad, Sultan of Adal.

1472 - 1487 Sultan Shams ud-din ibn Muhammad, Sultan of Adal.

1487 - 1488 Sultan Ibrahim II ibn Nasir ud-din, Sultan of Adal.

1488 - Sultan Muhammad II ibn Azhar ud-din ibn 'Ali, Sultan of Adal.

Sultan 'Ali II ibn Fakhr ud-din, Sultan of Adal.

Sultan Fakhr ud-din, Sultan of Adal.

15xx - 1525 Sultan 'Abu Bakar ibn Muhammad Azhar ud-din, Sultan of Harrar. He transferred his capital to Harrar in August 1520

1525 - 1544 [Imam Muhammad Gragn] Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, Sultan of Harrar. b. at Zeila, son of Ibrahim al-Ghazi. Served with his father against the Sultan Abu Bakar of Zeila, who killed Ibrahim al-Ghazi in the contest. Later returned and defeated the Sultan on behalf of Amir Mahfruz of Harrar, earning for himself the title of Sheikh of Zeila. Invaded and devastated the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia from Showa in the north to Hamasen in the south 1527-1543. Defeated and killed at the foot of Mount Zantara, by a combined force of Portuguese and Ethiopians, 1544 Began his reign 6th June 1525. m. Bati Del Wambara (m. second, Imam Nur ul-Mujtahid, Sultan of Harrar - see below), daughter of Amir Mahfuz, of Harar and Adal (k. in battle by Emperor Lebna Dengal, at Yifat).1552 - 1567 Imam Nur ul-Mujtahid, Sultan of Harrar. Succeeded on the death of his uncle. m. Del Wambara, widow of his uncle and predecessor, Imam Muhammad III Ahmad Gran ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, Sultan of Harrar. He d. on his return from an expedition into Shoa, September 1567.

1567 - 1569 Sultan Usman ul-Habashi, Sultan of Harrar.

1569 - 1571 Sultan Talha, Sultan of Harrar.

1571 - 1573 Sultan Nasir II ibn Usman, Sultan of Harrar.

1573 - 1576 Sultan Muhammad IV ibn Nasir ibn Usman, Sultan of Harrar. Defeated and killed by Emperor Malik Sagad.

- 1583 Sultan Mansur III ibn Muhammad, Sultan of Harrar.

Sultan Muhammad V ibn Ibrahim Jaisk, Sultan of Harrar.

Sultan Fasil, Sultan of Harrar.
1647 - 1662 Amir Hashim, Amir of Harrar. He d. 23rd November 1662.

1662 - 1671 Amir 'Abdullah I ibn 'Ali, Amir of Harrar. He d. 11th February 1671.

1671 - 1700 Amir Talha ibn 'Abdullah, Amir of Harrar. He d. 10th February 1700.

1700 - 1721 Amir Abu Bakar I ibn 'Abdullah, Amir of Harrar. He d. 5th November 1721.

1721 - 1732 Amir Khalaf ibn Abu Bakar, Amir of Harrar. He d. 1st June 1732.

1732 - 1733 Amir Hamid ibn Abu Bakar, Amir of Harrar. He d. 14th August 1733.

1733 - 1747 Amir Yusuf ibn Abu Bakar, Amir of Harrar. He d. 22nd February 1747.

1747 - 1755 Amir Ahmed I ibn Abu Bakar, Amir of Harrar. He d. 30th December 1755.

1755 - 1782 Amir Muhammad ibn Yusuf, Amir of Harrar. He d. 16th December 1782.

1782 - 1783 Amir 'Abdu's Shakur ibn Yusuf, Amir of Harrar. He d. 31st May 1783.

1783 - 1794 Amir Ahmad II ibn Muhammad, Amir of Harrar. He d. 18th November 1794.
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1794 - 1820 Amir 'Abdu'l Rahman ibn Muhammad, Amir of Harrar. He d. 15th January 1820.

Amir 'Abdu'l Karim ibn Abu Bakar, Amir of Harrar. He d. 16th June 1825, having had issue, a daughter:
1) Guisti Fatima. Regent for her son Ahmad III. m. Amir 'Abu Bakar II ibn 'Abdu'l Munan, Amir of Harrar, by whom she had issue - see below.

1829 - 1834 Amir 'Abu Bakar II ibn 'Abdu'l Munan, Amir of Harrar. Succeeded on the death of his father-in-law, 1829. m. Guisti Fatima, regent for her son Ahmad III, daughter of Amir 'Abdu'l Karim ibn Abu Bakar, Amir of Harrar. He d. 8th July 1834, having had issue:
1) Amir Ahmad III, Amir of Harrar - see below.

1834 - 1852 Amir Ahmad III ibn 'Abu Bakar, Amir of Harrar. Succeeded his father. He d. 22nd March 1852.

1852 - 1856 Amir Muhammad 'Ali, Amir of Harrar (usurper?).

1856 - 1875 Amir Muhammad ibn 'Ali 'Abdu's Shakur, Amir of Harrar. Proclaimed 30th August 1856.

1875 - 1885 Egyptian occupation.

1885 - 1887 Amir Hajji 'Abdu'llahi II ibn 'Ali 'Abdu's Shakur, Amir of Harrar. Installed by the Egyptians, May 1885. Defeated and deposed by Emperor Menelik II, at the battle of Chelenqo, 6th January 1887. He d. at Harar, 1930

harari woman